提供有关学习者论证的反馈对于发展批判性思维技能至关重要，但是，它需要大量的时间和精力。为了减轻教师的过载，我们旨在自动化提供反馈的过程，尤其是给出诊断评论，以指出论点固有的弱点。建议给出特定的诊断评论，以便学习者可以识别诊断而不会误解。但是，如何制定提供特定的诊断评论的任务并不明显。我们将任务的表述作为模板选择和插槽填充，以使自动评估变得更加容易，并且模型的行为更加可行。该公式的关键是创建足以实用的模板集的可能性。在本文中，我们定义了三个标准，即模板集应满足：表达性，信息性和唯一性，并验证创建一个满足这些标准作为第一个试验的模板集的可行性。我们将通过一项注释研究证明，将文本中给出的诊断评论转换为模板格式是可行的。注释研究中使用的语料库公开可用。

Color is a critical design factor for web pages, affecting important factors such as viewer emotions and the overall trust and satisfaction of a website. Effective coloring requires design knowledge and expertise, but if this process could be automated through data-driven modeling, efficient exploration and alternative workflows would be possible. However, this direction remains underexplored due to the lack of a formalization of the web page colorization problem, datasets, and evaluation protocols. In this work, we propose a new dataset consisting of e-commerce mobile web pages in a tractable format, which are created by simplifying the pages and extracting canonical color styles with a common web browser. The web page colorization problem is then formalized as a task of estimating plausible color styles for a given web page content with a given hierarchical structure of the elements. We present several Transformer-based methods that are adapted to this task by prepending structural message passing to capture hierarchical relationships between elements. Experimental results, including a quantitative evaluation designed for this task, demonstrate the advantages of our methods over statistical and image colorization methods. The code is available at https://github.com/CyberAgentAILab/webcolor.

Target Propagation (TP) is a biologically more plausible algorithm than the error backpropagation (BP) to train deep networks, and improving practicality of TP is an open issue. TP methods require the feedforward and feedback networks to form layer-wise autoencoders for propagating the target values generated at the output layer. However, this causes certain drawbacks; e.g., careful hyperparameter tuning is required to synchronize the feedforward and feedback training, and frequent updates of the feedback path are usually required than that of the feedforward path. Learning of the feedforward and feedback networks is sufficient to make TP methods capable of training, but is having these layer-wise autoencoders a necessary condition for TP to work? We answer this question by presenting Fixed-Weight Difference Target Propagation (FW-DTP) that keeps the feedback weights constant during training. We confirmed that this simple method, which naturally resolves the abovementioned problems of TP, can still deliver informative target values to hidden layers for a given task; indeed, FW-DTP consistently achieves higher test performance than a baseline, the Difference Target Propagation (DTP), on four classification datasets. We also present a novel propagation architecture that explains the exact form of the feedback function of DTP to analyze FW-DTP.

Recent years have seen progress beyond domain-specific sound separation for speech or music towards universal sound separation for arbitrary sounds. Prior work on universal sound separation has investigated separating a target sound out of an audio mixture given a text query. Such text-queried sound separation systems provide a natural and scalable interface for specifying arbitrary target sounds. However, supervised text-queried sound separation systems require costly labeled audio-text pairs for training. Moreover, the audio provided in existing datasets is often recorded in a controlled environment, causing a considerable generalization gap to noisy audio in the wild. In this work, we aim to approach text-queried universal sound separation by using only unlabeled data. We propose to leverage the visual modality as a bridge to learn the desired audio-textual correspondence. The proposed CLIPSep model first encodes the input query into a query vector using the contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) model, and the query vector is then used to condition an audio separation model to separate out the target sound. While the model is trained on image-audio pairs extracted from unlabeled videos, at test time we can instead query the model with text inputs in a zero-shot setting, thanks to the joint language-image embedding learned by the CLIP model. Further, videos in the wild often contain off-screen sounds and background noise that may hinder the model from learning the desired audio-textual correspondence. To address this problem, we further propose an approach called noise invariant training for training a query-based sound separation model on noisy data. Experimental results show that the proposed models successfully learn text-queried universal sound separation using only noisy unlabeled videos, even achieving competitive performance against a supervised model in some settings.

Automation of berthing maneuvers in shipping is a pressing issue as the berthing maneuver is one of the most stressful tasks seafarers undertake. Berthing control problems are often tackled via tracking a predefined trajectory or path. Maintaining a tracking error of zero under an uncertain environment is impossible; the tracking controller is nonetheless required to bring vessels close to desired berths. The tracking controller must prioritize the avoidance of tracking errors that may cause collisions with obstacles. This paper proposes a training method based on reinforcement learning for a trajectory tracking controller that reduces the probability of collisions with static obstacles. Via numerical simulations, we show that the proposed method reduces the probability of collisions during berthing maneuvers. Furthermore, this paper shows the tracking performance in a model experiment.

Understanding the dynamics of a system is important in many scientific and engineering domains. This problem can be approached by learning state transition rules from observations using machine learning techniques. Such observed time-series data often consist of sequences of many continuous variables with noise and ambiguity, but we often need rules of dynamics that can be modeled with a few essential variables. In this work, we propose a method for extracting a small number of essential hidden variables from high-dimensional time-series data and for learning state transition rules between these hidden variables. The proposed method is based on the Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM), which treats observable data in the visible layer and latent features in the hidden layer. However, real-world data, such as video and audio, include both discrete and continuous variables, and these variables have temporal relationships. Therefore, we propose Recurrent Temporal GaussianBernoulli Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RTGB-RBM), which combines Gaussian-Bernoulli Restricted Boltzmann Machine (GB-RBM) to handle continuous visible variables, and Recurrent Temporal Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RT-RBM) to capture time dependence between discrete hidden variables. We also propose a rule-based method that extracts essential information as hidden variables and represents state transition rules in interpretable form. We conduct experiments on Bouncing Ball and Moving MNIST datasets to evaluate our proposed method. Experimental results show that our method can learn the dynamics of those physical systems as state transition rules between hidden variables and can predict unobserved future states from observed state transitions.

We present Camelira, a web-based Arabic multi-dialect morphological disambiguation tool that covers four major variants of Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian, Gulf, and Levantine. Camelira offers a user-friendly web interface that allows researchers and language learners to explore various linguistic information, such as part-of-speech, morphological features, and lemmas. Our system also provides an option to automatically choose an appropriate dialect-specific disambiguator based on the prediction of a dialect identification component. Camelira is publicly accessible at http://camelira.camel-lab.com.

Wireless ad hoc federated learning (WAFL) is a fully decentralized collaborative machine learning framework organized by opportunistically encountered mobile nodes. Compared to conventional federated learning, WAFL performs model training by weakly synchronizing the model parameters with others, and this shows great resilience to a poisoned model injected by an attacker. In this paper, we provide our theoretical analysis of the WAFL's resilience against model poisoning attacks, by formulating the force balance between the poisoned model and the legitimate model. According to our experiments, we confirmed that the nodes directly encountered the attacker has been somehow compromised to the poisoned model but other nodes have shown great resilience. More importantly, after the attacker has left the network, all the nodes have finally found stronger model parameters combined with the poisoned model. Most of the attack-experienced cases achieved higher accuracy than the no-attack-experienced cases.

Embodied Instruction Following (EIF) studies how mobile manipulator robots should be controlled to accomplish long-horizon tasks specified by natural language instructions. While most research on EIF are conducted in simulators, the ultimate goal of the field is to deploy the agents in real life. As such, it is important to minimize the data cost required for training an agent, to help the transition from sim to real. However, many studies only focus on the performance and overlook the data cost -- modules that require separate training on extra data are often introduced without a consideration on deployability. In this work, we propose FILM++ which extends the existing work FILM with modifications that do not require extra data. While all data-driven modules are kept constant, FILM++ more than doubles FILM's performance. Furthermore, we propose Prompter, which replaces FILM++'s semantic search module with language model prompting. Unlike FILM++'s implementation that requires training on extra sets of data, no training is needed for our prompting based implementation while achieving better or at least comparable performance. Prompter achieves 42.64% and 45.72% on the ALFRED benchmark with high-level instructions only and with step-by-step instructions, respectively, outperforming the previous state of the art by 6.57% and 10.31%.

有一段漫长的历史，努力与我们周围的实体和空间探索音乐元素，例如Musique Concr \'Ete和Ambient Music。在计算机音乐和数字艺术的背景下，还设计了集中在周围物体和物理空间上的互动体验。近年来，随着设备的开发和普及，在扩展现实中设计了越来越多的作品，以创造这种音乐体验。在本文中，我们描述了MR4MR，这是一项声音安装工作，使用户可以在混合现实的背景下体验与周围空间相互作用产生的旋律（MR）。用户使用HoloLens，用户可以撞击周围环境中真实对象的虚拟对象。然后，通过遵循物体发出的声音并使用音乐生成机器学习模型进行随机变化并逐渐改变旋律的声音，用户可以感觉到其环境旋律“转世”。